Wounded Inner Child Experiences and Mental Well-Being Among University Students: A Correlational Study

Authors

  • Tasya Aprilya Universitas Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya Author
  • Gian Sugiana Sugara Universitas Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya Author
  • Anandha Putri Rahimsyah Universitas Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.65067/essgpd25

Keywords:

studens, Wounded Inner Child, mental well being

Abstract

Wounded inner child and mental well-being are two salient components of psychological health among university students that influence their capacity to adapt to academic demands and the developmental challenges of emerging adulthood. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of wounded inner child experiences among students and to examine their relationship with levels of mental well-being. Employing a correlational quantitative design, the research sampled 272 undergraduates and assessed childhood-derived wounds and mental well-being using standardized instruments. Results indicate a significant negative association between wounded inner child scores and mental well-being (r = –0.469), with the dimensions of shame/low self-worth, suppressed anger, and feelings of unlovability contributing most strongly to reduced well-being. These findings suggest that higher levels of wounded inner child experiences are associated with lower emotional and psychological well-being. Overall, the study underscores the importance of counseling interventions that target emotional wound repair and the strengthening of adaptive capacities to promote student mental-health in higher education settings.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Akyıl, Y., & İme, Y. (2024). The mediating role of mental well-being between psychological resilience, life satisfaction, and emotional intelligence. E-Kafkas Journal of Educational Research, 11(4), 742–752. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1433531

Alamsyah, B. (2023). Making peace with inner trauma: A journey toward emotional healing. Anak Hebat Indonesia.

Awwad, M., & Afriani, E. (2021). Overcoming childhood trauma through inner child therapy and dzikir therapy: A case study at Rumah Hijau Counseling. Qawwam: Journal for Gender Mainstreaming, 15(2), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.20414/qawwam.v15i2.4298

Barabasz, A. F., & Watkins, J. G. (2005). Hypnotherapeutic techniques (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Barbayannis, G., Bandari, M., Zheng, X., Baquerizo, H., Pecor, K. W., & Ming, X. (2022). Academic stress and mental well-being in college students: Correlations, affected groups, and COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 886344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886344

Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., … Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0

Bradshaw, J. (1990). Homecoming: Reclaiming and championing your inner child. Health Communications, Inc.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html

Clarke, M. (2022). Healing your wounded inner child: A CBT workbook to overcome past trauma, face abandonment, and regain emotional stability. Quintessential Books.

Corey, G. (2017). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Dost, G. (2025). Student well-being: The impact of belonging, COVID-19 pandemic-related student stress, loneliness, and academic anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1481328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1481328

Emmerson, G. (2003). Ego state therapy. Crown House Publishing.

Emmerson, G. (2014). Resource therapy: The evolution of ego state therapy. Resource Therapy International.

Fahrunnisa, F., Ramayani, N., Aulia, D., Imelia, I., Riski, M., Syahera, S., & Safitri, Y. (2024). Understanding the inner child and parenting patterns in children. Community Development Journal: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat, 5(6), 12029–12037. https://doi.org/10.31004/cdj.v5i6.39153

Fan, N., Fan, H., Luo, R., Wang, Y., Yan, Y., Yang, X., … Ma, X. (2024). The impact of childhood trauma on emotional distress and the moderating role of sense of coherence among college students in China. Scientific Reports, 14, 9797. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60537-1

Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8

Forgas, J. P., & Knipe, J. (2008). Ego state therapy and emotion-focused trauma treatment. In M. S. Neimeyer (Ed.), Casebook of innovative psychotherapies (pp. 133–149). Springer.

Grande, R. A. N., Berdida, D. J. E., Villagracia, H. N., Cornejo, L. T. O., Villacorte, L. M. F., & Borja, M. V. F. (2021). Association between perceived resilience and mental well-being of Saudi nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101211009063

Guastaferro, K., & Bray, B. C. (2020). Substance use and mental health outcomes during emerging adulthood among individuals with different patterns of child maltreatment. Emerging Adulthood, 8(6), 542–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696819830481

Hunafa, S., Sugara, G. S., & Muhajirin, M. (2024). Enhancing resilience in sexual harassment victims using narrative exposure therapy: A single-case study. Jurnal Konseling dan Pendidikan, 12(3), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.29210/1121000

Husky, M. M., Sadikova, E., Lee, S., Alonso, J., Auerbach, R. P., Bantjes, J., … Kessler, R. C. (2023). Childhood adversities and mental disorders in first-year college students: Results from the World Mental Health International College Student Initiative. Psychological Medicine, 53(7), 2963–2973. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721004980

Indonesian Ministry of Health. (2023). Indonesian Health Survey (SKI). Health Policy Agency, Ministry of Health.

Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197

Mellody, P., Miller, A. W., & Miller, K. (1989). Facing codependence: What it is, where it comes from, how it sabotages our lives. HarperOne.

Myroniuk, S., Reitsema, A. M., de Jonge, P., & Jeronimus, B. F. (2025). Childhood abuse and neglect and profiles of adult emotion dynamics. Development and Psychopathology, 37(1), 222–240. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579423001530

Oaklander, V. (2022). Windows to our children: A gestalt therapy approach to children and adolescents (2nd ed.). Gestalt Press.

Oakman, J., Kinsman, N., Stuckey, R., Macdonald, W., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2020). A systematic review of the impact of workplace interventions on mental health in low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030909

Paulsen, S., & Lanius, R. (2022). The fragmentation of the self in complex trauma: Neurobiology and clinical applications of ego state therapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 818141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.818141

Quan, L., Zhang, K., & Chen, H. (2024). The relationship between childhood trauma and romantic relationship satisfaction: The role of attachment and social support. Frontiers in Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1519699

Rahimsyah, A. P., & Muhajirin, M. (2025). Psychological well-being analysis among counseling students at Universitas Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya. Indonesian Journal of Educational Counseling, 9(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.30653/001.202591.480

Ramadhana, M. R. (2023). Psychometric evaluation of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale among Indonesian students. Journal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 8(2), 182–192. https://doi.org/10.33367/psi.v8i2.3817

Schmitz, S. E., Niedtfeld, I., Lane, S. P., Seitz, K. I., & Hepp, J. (2023). Negative affect provides a context for increased distrust in daily life among individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment. Journal of Traumatic Stress. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22951

Scott, M., Rossell, S. L., Meyer, D., Toh, W. L., & Thomas, N. (2020). Childhood trauma, attachment, and negative schemas in relation to negative auditory verbal hallucination content. Psychiatry Research, 290, 112997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112997

Seligman, M. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Random House Australia.

Souza, G. H. S. D., Coelho, J. A. P. M. D., Lima, N. C., Esteves, G. G. L., Queiroz, F. C. B. P., & Marques, Y. B. (2024). Self-actualization and B-values: Development and validation of two instruments in the Brazilian context. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302322

Stewart-Brown, S., Tennant, A., Tennant, R., Platt, S., Parkinson, J., & Weich, S. (2009). Internal construct validity of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): A Rasch analysis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 7, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-7-15

Stratton, S. J. (2024). Purposeful sampling: Advantages and pitfalls. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 39(2), 121–122. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X24000281

Su, P., & He, M. (2023). Relationship between sleep quality and subjective well-being: Resilience as a mediator and belief in a just world as a moderator. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1297256. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1297256

Sugara, G. S., Rakhmat, C., & Nurihsan, J. (2020). Factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Quality of Life Inventory in an Indonesian college sample. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2593

Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., … Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5, 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63

Van der Hart, O., & Steele, K. (2020). Ego state therapy in trauma treatment: Empirical evidence and clinical guidelines. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(2), 100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100195

van der Meer, T. G., Kroon, A. C., Verhoeven, P., & Jonkman, J. G. (2022). How stress-related factors affect mental well-being of university students: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 17(11), e0275925. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275925

Watkins, H., & Watkins, H. (1997). Ego states: Theory and therapy. W. W. Norton & Company.

Whitfield, C. L. (1987). Healing the child within: Discovery and recovery for adult children of dysfunctional families. Health Communications.

World Health Organization. (2022). World mental health report: Transforming mental health for all. https://doi.org/10.9240049338

World Health Organization. (2023). Child maltreatment. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment

Yusuf, S., & Nurihsan, A. J. (2020). Foundations of guidance and counseling. PT Remaja Rosdakarya.

Downloads

Published

2026-03-03

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Wounded Inner Child Experiences and Mental Well-Being Among University Students: A Correlational Study. (2026). Journal of Mental Health and Well-Being in Counseling , 2(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.65067/essgpd25